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Evaluation of the Testis cover
Histological and Histopathological
Evaluation of the Testis

by Lonnie D. Russell, Robert Ettlin, Amiya P. Sinha Hikim, and Eric D. Clegg

Researchers and pathologists who are interested in male reproduction will find this book invaluable. With over 700 illustrations it is a visual encyclopedia of testis structure and pathology of use to both beginner and expert. High quality diagrams of spermatogenic cell staging maps for rat, mouse or dog are available separately.

High quality graphics of the stages in spermatogenesis for a variety of animals are now available on the Stages 2.2 CD-ROM

This unique guide features:

  • First book devoted to evaluation of the testis
  • Available in CD-ROM or hardback versions
  • 286 pages - 8.5" x 11" - hardback - 728 illustrations
  • Detailed staging descriptions for rat, mouse and dog
  • Detailed coverage of histopathology
  • Preparations for testis tissue evaluation including perfusion
  • Histopathology and risk assessment

286 pages - Hardback - ISBN 0-962742-20-1 $79.95

 

Table of Contents

Forword
VII
Preface
IX
Acknowledgments
XII
1
MAMMALIAN SPERMATOGENESIS
Organization of the Testis
1
Spermatogenesis
4
Proliferative Phase
4
Meiotic Phase
8

Spermiogenic Phase

20
Nuage
28
The Sertoli Cell, Structure & Function
29
Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
36
Other Factors Controlling Spermatogenesis
37
References
38
2
THE CLASSIFICATION AND TIMING OF SPERMATOGENESIS
Stages of Spermatogenesis and Steps of Spermiogenesis
41
The Cycle of the Seminiferous Epithelium
42
Organization Along the Length of a Seminiferous Tubule
45
Utility of Staging
48
Staging for Various Species
49
Synchronous Development of Germ Cells
49
Synchronized Development of Different Cell Types Within a Cell Association
51
Timing of Spermatogenesis: Length of Stages
53

Spermatogenesis: in the Human

54
Historical Perspective on the Classification of Spermatogenesis
55
References
57
3
STARTING STAGING
59
4
STAGING FOR LABORATORY SPECIES
62
Staging for the Rat
63
Staging for the Mouse
119
Staging for the Dog
162
References
193
5
TISSUE PREPARATION FOR EVALUATION OF THE TESTIS
195
Fixative Application Methods
Immersion
196
Vascular Perfusion
197
Fixatives
199
Embedding Media
200
Tissue Staining
200
Schemes to Improve Experimental Design
201
General Protocols Used to Prepare Testis for Histological Analysis
201
Immersion Fixation Using Formalin
201
Resources
209
6
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF THE TESTIS
Quantitative Interruption of Spermatogenesis
210
Effect on the Division Pattern of Stem Cells
210
Increased Germ Cell Degeneration
211
Arrest and Retardation of Spermatogenesis
211
Failure of Sperm Release
213
Sloughing of Germ Cells
214
Qualitative Interruption of Spermatogenesis
215
Recognizing and Identifying Degenerating Cells
215
Determining the Site of Interruption of Spermatogenesis by Examining Degenerating Cells
228
Morphological Patterns of Response
229
Examples of Morphological Patterns of Response and Shared Responses
231
Mechanistic Interpretations from Morphological Patterns of Response
233
Design of Experiments for Histopathological Evaluation of the Testis
233
Effect of Sacrifice Interval on the Morphological Pattern of Response
234
Dosing
239
Route of Administration
239
Qualitative Evaluation of Testis Histopathology
240
The Intertubular Tissue
241
The Boundary Tissue
241
Focal or Scattered Damage to Tubules
241
Multinucleate Giant Cell
245
Sertoli Cell Damage
246
Failure of Sperm Release
249
Missing Germ Cells
249
Abnormalities in Germ Cells and Germ Cell Development
249
Absence of a Tubular Lumen
253
Increase in Lipid Content
253
Disruption of the Sertoli Cell Barrier
253
Quantitative Evaluation of Testis Histopathology
254
Testis Weights
255
Fertility Studies
255
Subjective Scoring of the Status of Spermatogenesis
257
Tubular Diameter Measurements
258
Determination of Sperm Production
258
Cell Ratios
259
Use of Morphometry
259
Computer Assisted Morphometry
264
References
264
7
HISTOPATHOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE TESTIS IN TOXICOLOGIC TESTING AND RISK ASSESSMENT
267
Overview
267
Toxicologic Testing and Risk Assessment
267
General Approach
267
Protocols
268
Variables Considered in Testing
268
End Points for Evaluation of Spermatogenesis
269
End Points for Evaluation of Sperm Production
269
End Points Measured in Standard Protocols
270
Duration of Exposure and Testis Histopathology
270
Selection of Histopathologic End Point(s)
271
Fixation, Embedding and Staining for Toxicologic Testing
273
Fixation
273
Selection of Fixative and Embedding Medium
274
Staining
274
Use of Testis Histopathology in Risk Assessment
274
References
275
APPENDIX A: METHOD OF PERFUSION FIXATION
277
Abstract
277
Introduction
277
Materials and Methods
277
Results and Discussion
279
References
280
Index
283

 

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